Common water contaminants and their treatment techniques

The Flint Michigan catastrophe of 2014 was a brutal wake up call for the Great Lakes State, and incidents of varying severity at the municipal level have further fueled interest in water quality in the United States and across the globe.

Overview Arsenic ([Ar] 3d¹⁰4s²4p³) is a naturally occurring chemical component within the earth's crust, widely dispersed in the air, water, and soil. Its inorganic form is highly toxic and hazardous to human health. People usually get exposed to high levels of inorganic arsenic through various sources such as drinking contaminated water, consuming contaminated food, smoking or through its use in food preparation, agricultural irrigation,and  industrial procedures, .  Even small quantities of arsenic can quickly dissolve into groundwater, which may subsequently be consumed as a drinking water source. Consumption of arsenic-contaminated drinking water increases cancer risk and other severe health implications.  Prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic, primarily through water and food consumption, can result in chronic arsenic poisoning. The most distinctive effects include skin lesions and skin cancer. Here is a detailed guide on the impact of arsenic in drinking water and ways to remove it. Arsenic in Drinking Water “An estimated 140 million people in at least 70 countries have been drinking water containing arsenic at levels above the WHO provisional guideline value of 10 μg/L (4, 5). This is consistent with recent statistical modelling which suggests between 94 and 220 million people are at risk of exposure to elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater;” stated the World Health Organization (WHO). The gravest peril to public health stemming from arsenic is the contamination of groundwater and well water. Inorganic arsenic naturally occurs at higher concentrations in the groundwater and well water of various nations, such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, Cambodia, Mexico, Pakistan, the United States of America, India, Vietnam, and more. In the World Health Organization (WHO) study, it has been found that close to 70 countries are forced to drink high levels of arsenic-contaminated water.  Source: Statista The primary sources of exposure are drinking water, agriculture crops irrigated with arsenic-contaminated water, and food prepared using contaminated water. Additionally, arsenic can be ingested through dietary intake from fish, shellfish, meat, poultry, dairy products, ...

Aluminum is the 3rd abundant element on earth. Though some amount of aluminum is naturally present in the air, water, and dust around us, elevated levels can be problematic for human health. Considering the serious health risks related to aluminum, we shall now examine aluminum drinking water contamination, its short-term and long-term health hazards, testing methods, removal techniques, and preventive measures. PLEASE NOTE: At low environmental exposure levels (e.g., food, drinking water, antacids, vaccines): The body efficiently eliminates most aluminum through the kidneys. Neurotoxic effects are not observed in the general population under normal conditions. Regulatory bodies like the FDA, WHO, and EFSA have established tolerable intake levels (e.g., 1 mg/kg body weight/week). Aluminum Contamination in Drinking Water Naturally occurring aluminum leaches into surface water and groundwater through soil and rocks Industrial outfall from mining and manufacturing processes releases aluminum Utilization of alum (aluminum salts) in treatment plants results in leftover aluminum Acid rain induces increased soil and water solubility of aluminum Aluminum utensils and pipes lead to seepage in water Deleterious Effects of Drinking Water Contaminated by Aluminum In the United States, aluminum in drinking water typically ranges between <0.001 and 1.029 mg/L. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), utilities must maintain aluminum levels in drinking water at 0.05-0.2 ppm. It implies serious risks to human health if it goes above these recommended values. They can be further classified into two types: Short-term and long-term effects.  I. Effects Due to Short-term Exposure Drinking water with excessive aluminum for a short time causes acute health issues, particularly in weak or immuno-compromised individuals. Aluminum quickly increases in people with defective kidney function, like those undergoing dialysis. It results in dialysis encephalopathy, an extreme variant of dementia caused because of aluminum salts used in dialysis to remove excess phosphate. Affected patients present symptoms like confusion, disorientation, and memory loss.   Excessive aluminum ingestion causes nausea, gastrointestinal irritation, and a metallic taste in the mouth. It also presents skin irritation and allergic reactions.   II. Consequences...

Water is essential for life, but its purity is often compromised by various contaminants, one of which is ammonia. While ammonia is a naturally occurring compound, its presence in drinking water can pose health risks, damage plumbing systems, and negatively impact the environment. Many homeowners, especially those relying on well water filtration systems, may not even realize they have an ammonia problem until it causes noticeable issues.  Ammonia in water represents one of the more complex contaminants we face today. Unlike some pollutants that are strictly industrial byproducts, ammonia enters our water systems through various natural and human-made pathways. What makes it particularly concerning is its ability to transform in the environment, potentially creating additional problems beyond its initial presence. Understanding the sources, effects, and solutions for ammonia contamination is crucial to ensuring safe and clean water for your residence or workplace. What Is Ammonia, and How Does It Get Into Water? Ammonia is a colorless gas that dissolves easily in water, forming ammonium (NH4+), a compound commonly found in both natural and man-made environments. Though ammonia is an essential element for plant and animal life, elevated levels in drinking water can be problematic.  Before getting into the details of ammonia in water, let's first understand why it matters in our daily lives. Think about a glass of water: clear and refreshing. We often don't consider what goes into keeping it safe to drink. One of the challenges in ensuring water cleanliness is dealing with ammonia. While it might not always be obvious, knowing about ammonia's presence in water is crucial. So, let's explore why ammonia shows up in our water systems and why it’s important to keep it in check. Natural Sources Ammonia naturally enters water ecosystems through several biological and environmental processes. One primary way this happens is through the decomposition of organic matter. When plants and animals die, their organic material begins to break down. During this decomposition process, nitrogen contained within these materials is converted into ammonia. This transformation is part of the nitrogen cycle, where organic nitrogen is mineralized into ammonia through microbial activity. Additionally, ammonia can be introduced into water bodies through atmospheric deposition. Ammonia gas present in the atmosphere, often resulting from natural emissions like volcanic activity and soil processes, can be absorbed into water sources, particularly through precipitation events such as rain. It rains, and atmospheric ammonia can dissolve and wash into rivers, lakes, and other aquatic environments, contributing to the natural ammonia load. Moreover, wetlands and other...

Benzene, a widely used industrial chemical, can pose a serious threat when it contaminates drinking water. While rare, benzene contamination can occur through industrial spills, improper disposal of chemicals, or leakage from underground storage tanks, making it a potential health risk for many. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which means that even low levels of exposure can be harmful over time. This article explores how benzene can get into your water supply, the health risks associated with it, and the most effective treatment methods to ensure your family’s drinking water is safe. Understanding Benzene Contamination Benzene is an organic chemical compound widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, detergents, and pesticides. While it plays a critical role in industry, its release into the environment can have significant consequences, especially when it seeps into the groundwater or drinking water supplies. According to the CDC, benzene can enter drinking water from industrial effluents, atmospheric pollution, or through leaching from certain pipes or storage tanks. In most cases, benzene contamination in water is detected near industrial facilities or areas that have experienced chemical spills. However, private wells in rural or semi-rural areas may also be at risk. If benzene enters your water supply, it can persist for long periods, potentially exposing your family to significant health risks. Health Risks of Benzene in Drinking Water Benzene is highly toxic when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Prolonged exposure to benzene in drinking water can have severe health consequences, including an increased risk of developing cancer. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), long-term exposure to benzene has been linked to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In simpler terms, it is a type of blood cancer. The agency’s maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for benzene in drinking water is set at zero, meaning that no level of benzene is considered safe over an extended period. In the short term, ingesting water contaminated with benzene may lead to dizziness, headaches, and confusion. It can also irritate the stomach, leading...

Safe drinking water is a fundamental need, yet contaminants like bromate (a chemical byproduct of water disinfection), can quietly pose risks to public health. Understanding the regulations, health risks, and ways to mitigate bromate contamination is crucial for ensuring safe water consumption. This article explores what bromate is, how it forms, the regulatory standards surrounding it, and the importance of safeguarding your water through effective testing and filtration methods. What is Bromate, and How Does It Form in Drinking Water? Bromate is a chemical compound that forms when ozone is used during the water disinfection process and reacts with bromide ions naturally present in water. Bromate is a disinfection byproduct in municipal water supplies. While ozone is an effective disinfectant for killing bacteria and viruses, its interaction with bromide inadvertently creates bromate - a potentially harmful byproduct. Bromate is most commonly detected in public water systems that rely on ozone-based disinfection. Factors like high bromide levels in source water, temperature, and pH significantly influence bromate formation. While bromate is not an immediate danger in small amounts, long-term exposure can have serious health implications, making its regulation and removal a top priority for water authorities and homeowners alike. Regulatory Standards for Bromate in Drinking Water Regulations for bromate levels in drinking water vary across regions, but most adhere to strict limits set by health authorities. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandates a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb) for bromate in drinking water under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This limit is based on extensive research, balancing public health protection and the feasibility of water treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) also supports a similar guideline, emphasizing the importance of reducing bromate exposure to mitigate potential health risks. For homeowners, understanding these regulatory standards highlights the importance of monitoring water quality regularly to ensure compliance. Testing for Bromate Contamination Levels Detecting bromate in your drinking water requires advanced testing methods. Public water systems conduct routine testing to ensure bromate levels stay within regulated limits, but private well owners or those concerned about their local supply may need to take additional steps. Using a water test kit for drinking water is an excellent way for homeowners to check for bromate contamination. These...

Water Hardness and Calcium According to the USGS, water hardness is commonly defined as the total amount of dissolved magnesium and calcium in the water. Commonly for laymen, we often may notice water hardness when our skin feels gritty, and our hair more brittle, even after washing with soap and water. Hard water has a higher quantity of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium. Hard water reacts with soap or detergent to form "soap scum," which is why more soap or washing detergent is required to clean hair, hands, or laundry.  Calcium Hardness Calcium hardness is defined as the amount of calcium ions dissolved in the water and water source. These high mineral values are mainly due to the presence of calcium bicarbonates, carbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. The calcium minerals get into the water by washing over limestone and through chalk rocks. Maintaining appropriate levels is crucial for both water quality and safe drinking water. Calcium Hardness is measured in parts per million ppm, milligrams per liter mg/L, or grains per gallon gpg of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the water. The values for ppm and mg/L are interchangeable, whereas there are 17.1 mg/L per 1 gpg of hardness. It is the calcium ions (Ca2+) concentration in freshwater from 0 mg/L to varied values. The calcium ions (Ca2+) level concentration of 60 mg/L is considered the upper limit or soft water. Afterward, the calcium ions concentration of water defined hardness as 61 to 120 mg/L moderately hard, 121 to 180 mg/L as hard, and above than 180 mg/L as very hard. Though 60 mg/L and above of calcium ions concentration can be problematic in water supply and usage, it is not a health concern. It only gets deposits in plumbing and reduces the cleansing capability of soaps and detergents. Another interesting fact is that if the freshwater has a calcium-ion concentration lower than 10 mg/L, it supports only sparse plant and animal life, known as oligotrophic. This is why reverse osmosis systems are often upgraded with a remineralization component post-RO. Testing Calcium Hardness       Drinking water with higher calcium-ion concentration is not known to have any adverse impact on human health; at a certain level, these minerals, calcium, and magnesium improve the taste of drinking water. Some RO companies like Home Master use a Patented

Chromium Chromium is a natural element found in rocks, plants, soil, animals, and volcanic dust and is vital to the environment and human health. It presents itself in various forms, with trivalent chromium Cr3+ and hexavalent chromium Cr6+ being the most common in natural water sources. Trivalent chromium Cr3+ is an essential nutrient in many food items, including vegetables and fruits to meats and grains, for essential bodily functions. Hexavalent chromium Cr6+ stems from environmental deposits and can enter water sources through erosion. Public health issues focus on the occurrence of hexavalent chromium Cr6+ and total chromium, which is identified as a carcinogen to humans. Water contamination by Chromium Total chromium, a combination of both trivalent chromium Cr3+ and hexavalent chromium Cr6+, is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act for common public health. Since 1991, the national primary drinking water regulation has set the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total chromium at 0.1 milligrams per liter, guided by maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) for chromium water treatment through various water filtration technologies like Reverse Osmosis System. The non-enforceable maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) are defined as possible health risks from exposure over a lifetime. However, the exact chromium contamination level in drinking water and chromium in water side effects are likely to be identified. Health risks associated with elevated Chromium levels Exposure to high levels of chromium, particularly hexavalent chromium 6 in water, can lead to serious health concerns. Long-term consumption of contaminated water can cause skin irritation and allergic dermatitis (skin reactions) and has been found to be responsible for an increased risk of lung, nasal, and sinus cancers. Chromium has also been affecting severe male reproductive abnormalities, low sperm count, and infertility concerns. Epidemiological studies have some observations that show a correlation between Cr6+ ingestion and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Animal studies have shown that Cr6+ in drinking water can induce tumors in the alimentary tract, with particularly linear and supralinear responses in the mouse small intestine. In neutral pH conditions, chromate, the dominant form of Cr6+, enters cells through sulfate channels and undergoes...

What is Chlorine According to the Department of Health, New York state, “Chlorine (Cl2) is among the ten highest volume chemicals manufactured in the United States. It is produced commercially by electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. Chlorine is used in industry and in household cleaning products. Chlorine was also the first poison gas to be used as a weapon during World War I.” Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature and a strong oxidizing agent useful for treating water. It is heavier than air, has a strong, irritating smell, and becomes slightly dissoluble in water. Its disinfecting property is highly useful in water purification and sanitation processes for sewage and industrial waste, as well as in removing algae and other forms of aquatic life from the water. Additionally, as an oxidant in drinking water treatment, it alters Arsenic3 AS3 into AS, which is more easily removed. Similarly Soluble Iron and manganese are changed into insoluble particulates and are more easily removed. Why is it used in Drinking Water? Raw water from lakes, groundwater, and water bodies usually have microorganisms. These microorganisms or Pathogens are harmful to human health and may cause some diseases. They are transmitted through drinking water to human bodies and may cause waterborne health concerns like diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting, headaches, fever, fatigue, and more. These waterborne diseases could be a real challenge for humans, so various disinfection and sanitation methods have been used to inactivate pathogens and prevent these health issues. Chlorine has a disinfectant property that makes it perfect for water purification and the sanitation process makes it available for public consumption. Chlorination of water Chlorination is one of the methods to disinfect water along with other water treatment processes that use various types of chlorine or chlorine-containing substances. The advantage of Chlorination is that it has been proven to be highly effective against bacteria and viruses, except some protozoan cysts are resistant to it. It simply damages the cell membrane of microorganisms to get into the cell and disrupts cell respiration and DNA activity to inactive it. Chlorination is widely popular and effective...

Copper contamination in drinking water is more common than you might think, especially in areas with older plumbing systems. While copper is an essential mineral that our bodies need for various functions, too much of it can lead to significant health risks. So, how can you enjoy the health benefits of copper while ensuring that excess levels don't harm you or your family?  In this article, we'll dive into understanding copper contamination, its health risks, and the best methods for removing it from your water supply. Understanding Copper Contamination Copper is both a friend and a foe. In the right amounts, copper is a vital mineral for human health, helping with the formation of red blood cells, the absorption of iron, and the maintenance of healthy nerves. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends a daily intake of about 900 micrograms of copper for adults. This is typically obtained through food sources such as nuts, seeds, and whole grains. But, while copper is necessary for bodily functions, it becomes dangerous when concentrations in drinking water exceed the EPA's maximum limit of 1.3 milligrams per liter. Copper contamination in drinking water often occurs when water comes into contact with aging copper pipes, causing the metal to leach into the water. This is especially common in homes with older plumbing systems, or when water has a low pH (acidic), which speeds up the corrosion of copper pipes. Other sources of copper contamination can include industrial waste and agricultural runoff. Testing for Copper in Drinking Water Before jumping into solutions, the first step is knowing whether your water is contaminated with copper – and to what extent. Testing for copper in drinking water can be done using a copper water test kit, which gives you an accurate way to determine copper levels at home. The test kit provides lab accurate results and indicates whether the copper concentration in your water exceeds safe limits. According to the EPA, any level of copper above 1.3 milligrams per liter in tap water could be harmful, and action should be taken to reduce it. If your water is over this threshold, it’s essential to start considering treatment options. Health Risks Associated with High Copper Levels Copper may be beneficial in small amounts, but when consumed in excess, it can lead to various health problems. In ...

In an age where we constantly strive for healthier lifestyles, safe drinking water is a top priority. While we trust our municipal water service to deliver water free from harmful substances, contaminants can sometimes slip through. One of these, is cadmium, a heavy metal with potentially serious health consequences. It can be particularly dangerous when it finds its way into our drinking water. This article delves into cadmium contamination, the associated risks, testing methods, and effective removal solutions. Whether you’re new to water purification or looking to optimize your home’s filtration system, here’s everything you need to know about keeping cadmium out of your drinking water. Understanding Cadmium Contamination Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal found in the earth’s crust, and it’s released into the environment through natural and human activities alike. Commonly used in batteries, pigments, coatings, and plastics, cadmium can make its way into water sources through industrial waste, mining runoff, or even corrosion of galvanized pipes. Although cadmium isn’t widely found in water, it’s a metal that poses high health risks even at low concentrations, which is why the EPA has set a very strict cadmium limit of 5 x 10-4 mg/kg/day in drinking water.  It’s essential to understand that not all exposure to cadmium is harmful. In fact, cadmium is a micronutrient in trace amounts for some plants and animals. However, in higher doses, such as those found in contaminated water, cadmium can adversely affect human health. Recognizing the difference between safe exposure levels and contamination can be the first step in addressing the issue and safeguarding your family’s health. Health Risks Associated with Cadmium Cadmium exposure, especially through drinking water, can have significant health implications. Even low levels of cadmium, if ingested over a long period, can build up in the body, accumulating primarily in the kidneys and liver. The IARC (The International Agency for Research on Cancer) considers cadmium a Group 1 carcinogen, indicating a known link to cancer risks upon prolonged exposure.  Aside from its carcinogenic effects, cadmium is also toxic to the kidneys, with long-term exposure potentially leading to chronic kidney disease. In some cases, cadmium contamination can lead to skeletal issues like osteoporosis or “itai-itai disease,” a condition known for weakening bones to the point of extreme fragility. Moreover, children and pregnant women are particularly susceptible, as...

Table of Contents Understanding Chloramines Health Concerns and Risks Chloramines Removal Techniques Choosing the Right Chloramine Filter Conclusion Chloramine Chloramine is the chemical compound used to treat untreated water to destroy pathogenic microbes and make it drinkable for secondary disinfection. Chloramines also address secondary aesthetic concerns from excess soluble iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide among others. Chloramines are formed when ammonia is added to chlorine for the water treatment process. Chloramines commonly give longer-lasting disinfection to the drinking water until it reaches consumers via plumbing pipes. Chloramine use for water disinfectants is well established; however, it has harmful side effects linger in the distribution and plumbing systems just as well as its disinfection properties. Health Concerns and Risks Many studies and research indicate that a small amount of Chloramine in drinking water or food preparation does not cause harmful or life-threatening health concerns but instead helps minimize waterborne disease outbreaks. Also, because chloramines are much more persistent than chlorine, less of it needs to be added to the water, in theory thereby reducing the carcinogenic potential. These studies have observed that Chloramine levels of below 50 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in drinking water have no harmful health effects. However, prolonged use may cause some significant health issues, including possibly elevated risks of bladder colon, and stomach cancers. In some cases, it shows adverse effects on reproduction, such as sudden surges in miscarriages, fetal anomalies, and congenital disabilities. Some more common health issues have been observed with Chloramine treatment in drinking water such as gastrointestinal distress: nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Additionally, chloramines are known to be more aggressive than chlorine leading to leaks at plumbing joints, and faster erosion of gasket seals particularly when municipalities fail to shift the pH balance to mildly alkaline. It was this error that led to the grave outcome experienced in Flint, MI when the municipality switched to chloramines and failed to pH balance the water. Food Allergies In one published study, higher levels of dichlorophenols were found in subjects' bodies who reported food allergies, including lack of sensitivity, urticaria, and angioneurotic edema. ...

Partial List of Chemical Contaminants Reduced or Removed by Home Master® Carbon Filtration Find a list of common chemical contaminants that reverse osmosis water purification can remove for chemical-free water when you use Perfect Water products. Learn more about the reverse osmosis products that remove these contaminants. Chemicals Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Acetone
Alcohols
Amines
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Alcohol
Antifreeze
Benzene
Bleach
Butyl Alcohol
Butyl Acetate
Calcium Hypochlorite
Chloral
Chloramine
Chloroform
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chlorophenol
Chlorophyll
Citric Acid
Cresol
Defoilants
Dieldrin
Detergents
Diesel Fuel
Dyes
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Amine
Ethyl Chlorine
Ethyl Ether
Gasoline
Glycols
Herbicides
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Selenide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hypochlorous Acid
Insecticides
Iodine
Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropyl Alcohol
Ketones
Lactic Acid
Mercaptans
Methyl Acetate
Methyl Alcohol
Methyl Bromide
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Naphtha
Nitric Acid
Nitrobenzene
Nitrotoluene
Odors (general)
Oil Dissolved
Organic Acids
Organic Esters
Organic Salts
Oxalic Acids
PCBs Perchlorate
Pesticides
Phenol
Plastic Taste
Propioic Acids
Propionaldehyde
Propyl Acetate
Propyl Acid
Propyl Chloride
Rubber Hose Taste
Soap
Sodium Hydrochorite
Solvents
Sulphonated Oils
Tannins
Tar Emulsion
Tartaric Acid
Taste (DI Water)
Taste (From Organics) THMs
Toluene
Toluidine
Trchlorethylene
Turpintine
Vinegar
Xanthophyll
Xylene Organic Contaminants
2,4,5-TP
2,4-D
Acrylamide
Adipates (diethylhexyl)
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb Sulfone
Aldicarb Sulfoxide
Atazine Ammonia
Benz(a)anthracene (PAH)
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH)
Benzo(b)fluoranthene (PAH)
Benzo(k) fluoranthene (PAH)
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Butyl benzyl phthalate (PAE)
Carbofuran
Carbon Tetrachloride Chlordane
Chloroform
Chrysene (PAH)
Dalapon
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene (PAH)
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
Dichlorobenzene (o-,m-)
Dichlorobenzene (para-)
Dichloroethane (1,2-)
Dichloroethylene (1,1-)
Dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-)
Dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-)
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
Dichloropropane (1,2-) Di-(2ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP)
Diethylhexyl phthalate (PAE)
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall
Endrin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide...

When we turn on the tap for a glass of water, the last thing we expect is contamination by harmful bacteria. Yet, for some homeowners, the presence of E. coli in water is a real concern. E. coli, or Escherichia coli, is a type of bacteria that can have serious health implications if found in drinking water. Understanding the risks and knowing how to effectively treat your water are crucial steps in ensuring the safety of your household. In this article, we’ll delve into what E. coli is, the associated health risks, and the best methods to detect and remove it from your water supply. What is E. coli? Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains of E. coli are harmless and even beneficial for digestion, certain strains like E. coli O157 can cause severe illness. Commonly found in contaminated water, these pathogenic strains typically enter the water supply through fecal contamination, which can occur due to improper sewage disposal, agricultural runoff, inadequate treatment of water supplies, or contaminated groundwater. Since E. coli bacteria are robust and can survive outside of a host for some time, they can contaminate water sources and pose a danger to anyone who consumes the water. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), even a small amount of E. coli in water is enough to cause serious health issues, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. For this reason, monitoring and treating water for E. coli contamination is essential for maintaining safe drinking water. Health Risks Associated with E. coli The presence of E. coli in drinking water poses significant health risks, especially when the water is consumed directly or used in food preparation. The severity of the illness depends on the strain of E. coli and the amount of bacteria ingested. Here’s a breakdown of the health issues associated with E. coli: Short-term Health Risks Consuming water contaminated with E. coli can lead to various gastrointestinal illnesses. Symptoms usually develop within a few days of exposure and may include: Diarrhea: This is the most common symptom, and in severe cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in children and the elderly. Abdominal cramping and pain: Accompanied by diarrhea, these symptoms can appear within a few hours to several days after exposure. And can range from mild to severe. Nausea and vomiting: Some strains of E. coli can cause these...

There are several ways to keep your fluoride levels in check. When the only benefit to fluoride to prevent cavities, then toothpaste or mouthwash containing the substance should be sufficient – but in reality, there is no way to confirm levels as they differ from person to person. Consuming higher than recommended levels (4mg/L) of fluoride over time may cause complications, especially in developing children.

Understanding Hexavalent Chromium (Chromium VI) Chromium is a tasteless and odorless metallic element in two valence states: ‘Trivalent Chromium [Cr (III)] and Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)].’ According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), “Hexavalent chromium is a form of the metallic element chromium. Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, vegetables, fruits, meats, soil, and volcanic dust and gasses. It comes in several different forms, including trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium, or chromium (VI), is generally produced by industrial processes.” Also, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. Department of Labor, states that “Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]is usually produced by an industrial process.” Sources of Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water The sources of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in drinking water are discharges from metal plating operations, steel and pulp mills, boiler water corrosion control applications, and other industrial processes. In some areas, the chromium compounds get released into the environment due to poor storage, leakage, or improper disposal practices. According to the Department of Public Health and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States, “Chromium compounds are very persistent in the aquatic environment, mostly bound to sediments and soil.” Apart from these sources, it also occurs by the erosion of natural deposits of trivalent chromium that later on get oxidized to turn into chromium oxide (Cr2O3). In the Journal of Hazardous Materials, the Extent of oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) under various conditions pertaining to the natural environment has been published as “Results indicate that trivalent chromium in Cr2O3 could be readily converted to hexavalent chromium at a temperature range of 200–300 °C, with conversion rates of up to 50% in 12 h.” This way, it reaches anoxic environments or preciously in an aquatic environment or water sources like lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, estuaries, and wetlands. Health Risks Associated with Hexavalent Chromium Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] is more toxic in nature compared to its trivalent form. So far, there has been significantly less specific testing of Cr(VI) in drinking water at levels below 1 ppb as it has been believed to be inactive when ingested. Also, it was believed that hexavalent chromium is ...

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental individual health priority. However, the widespread and increasing application of herbicides and pesticides in modern agriculture presents a significant threat to water quality. These chemical agents, designed to control weeds and pests, can leach into surface and groundwater sources, potentially contaminating the very water we consume daily. Understanding the associated health risks and implementing effective strategies for the detection and removal of these contaminants is essential for safeguarding human health and well-being. How Herbicides and Pesticides Contaminate Drinking Water Herbicides and pesticides can infiltrate drinking water through several key pathways, posing significant threats to water quality and human health: Agricultural Runoff  When these chemicals are excessively applied to crops, rainfall or irrigation can wash them off the soil surface and into nearby rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. This runoff is one of the most common routes of contamination. Leaching into Groundwater Certain herbicides and pesticides are highly water-soluble, allowing them to seep deep into the soil and contaminate underground aquifers. This is particularly concerning in areas with sandy or porous soils. Improper Disposal Practices  Dumping leftover pesticides down drains or in open landfills allows toxic substances to seep into the water table or nearby water bodies. Airborne Drift When pesticides are sprayed on crops, fine particles can become airborne and travel through the atmosphere before settling into water bodies, contaminating them. Industrial and Urban Runoff Herbicides used in landscaping and pest control in urban environments can wash off roads, sidewalks, and parks into storm drains, eventually reaching water sources. According to the US Department of Agriculture, 50 million people in the United States obtain their drinking water from groundwater that is potentially contaminated by pesticides and other agricultural chemicals, illustrating the widespread nature of this issue. Health Risks of Herbicides and Pesticides in Drinking Water Short-Term Effects Nausea and Dizziness  Ingesting water contaminated with high concentrations of herbicides and pesticides can cause immediate symptoms such as nausea, headaches, and dizziness. These effects occur because many pesticides contain neurotoxic compounds that interfere with the nervous system, leading to temporary but distressing discomfort. People who consume contaminated water regularly may experience more severe symptoms over time, including muscle weakness and confusion. Respiratory Issues Chlorine-based pesticides and certain...

Before purchasing treatment equipment to remove Iron, it is important to understand what type of Iron is in the water (whether ferric or ferrous), on which Iron type the treatment is effective (ferrous, ferric, or both), the result expected, and if construction or reconstruction of the water supply would be more effective or cheaper than long term Iron removal.

Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the inner crust of the earth and is known to be harmful to the human body and the environment. You might be surprised to know that according to the WHO nearly half of the 2 million lives lost to known chemical exposure in 2019 were due to lead exposure. Lead exposure is estimated to account for 21.7 million years lost to disability and death worldwide due to its long-term effects on health.

What is Mercury? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is found in air, water, and soil. Mercury exists in various forms: elemental (or metallic) and inorganic (to which people may be exposed through their occupation); and organic (e.g., methyl mercury, to which people may be exposed through their diet). These forms of Mercury differ in their degree of toxicity and their effects on the nervous, digestive, and immune systems, and lungs, kidneys, skin, and eyes." Mercury is a shiny, toxic, and silver-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. It occurs in the earth's crust naturally. "It is released into the environment from volcanic activity, weathering of rocks and as a result of human activity," as mentioned by WHO. Health Effects of Mercury in Drinking Water Mercury (especially Methylmercury) is a neurotoxin in nature, a chemical substance known or suspected of poisoning nerve tissues. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the health effects of mercury depend on several factors, including the form of mercury, the amount of mercury in the exposure, the exposure time, the age and health of the individual, and more. In a study by WHO for developing WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, the mercury level has been observed in the range of 5–100 ng/liter. Less than 0.5 μg/liter level of mercury has been found in the groundwater and surface water due to the natural occurrence. “A small number of groundwaters and shallow wells surveyed in the USA were shown to have mercury levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 2 μg/liter set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water (Ware, 1989),” as mentioned in that study by WHO. Mercury absorption from water is around 15% or less, so if drinking water mercury is 0.5 μg/liter, then an average daily intake of inorganic mercury from drinking water would be around 1 μg. The two major effects of mercury on humans are neurological and renal disturbance. Ingestion of acute doses of mercury of any form shows terminal symptoms, as given here; Shock Acute renal failure Cardiovascular collapse Gastrointestinal damage Testing for Mercury in Water The presence of mercury in various drinking water sources is a concern to public health. Usually, the concentration of mercury in drinking...

Water is an essential part of our daily lives, but what happens when something unexpected is found in your tap water? Manganese, a naturally occurring element, can be found in many water supplies, and while it's not usually harmful in small amounts, excessive levels can pose significant health risks. In this article, we'll explore what manganese contamination is, the potential health effects, and how you can protect your family by effectively managing manganese in your drinking water. Introduction to Manganese Contamination Manganese is a naturally occurring mineral found in the earth's crust, often present in soil, rocks, and groundwater. While small amounts of manganese are beneficial and even necessary for the human body, elevated levels in drinking water can lead to a host of problems, both health and aesthetic. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), manganese levels in drinking water should not exceed 0.05 mg/L to prevent staining and taste issues, though health advisories may set even lower limits. This standard is a secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL). Besides that, there are no enforceable maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for manganese in drinking water.  The presence of manganese in your water can be influenced by natural geological formations, industrial activities, or even certain agricultural practices. This contamination is more common in groundwater sources, particularly wells, as opposed to surface water. Manganese Staining Problems Manganese in residential water supplies can cause several staining issues, especially when its concentration exceeds the advisory levels (0.05 mg/L). The primary aesthetic concern is staining, which occurs in different ways: 1. Black or Brown Stains on Laundry and Plumbing Fixtures:    - Laundry: Clothes, particularly whites, and lighter colors can become stained with black, brown, or dark gray spots when washed with water containing high levels of manganese. These stains are difficult to remove and may persist even after multiple washes.    - Plumbing Fixtures: Faucets, sinks, toilets, and bathtubs can develop black or brown stains over time. These stains result from the precipitation of manganese when the water is exposed to air. The manganese in the water oxidizes and forms dark-colored deposits on surfaces. 2. Discoloration of Drinking Water:    - Manganese can cause the water to have a brown, black, or tea-colored tint. This discoloration may be more apparent in standing water, such as in a glass or tank, and can be aesthetically displeasing. 3. Stains on Appliances and Dishes:    - Dishwashers, coffee makers...

Microplastics in drinking water show potential health and environmental risks, resulting in a major concern for aquatic life and other living beings. Microplastics are tiny plastic particles usually found in water sources and in the human body. They’re small in size, less than 5 millimeters in length, and come from the larger plastic pieces and plastic debris that degrade into micro-sized plastics. It can lead to many health problems in our lives, including oxidative stress, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, respiratory disorders like pleural effusion and lung cancer, and damage to organs like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, reproductive issues like gonadal damage, decreased fertility, and more. Considering the health risks of microplastics, there is a need to know and learn about removing microplastic impurities from drinking water. Let’s further learn about the microplastics in drinking water, health risks, and the use of reverse osmosis water filters to eliminate the health risks effectively.  What Are Microplastics? According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), “Microplastics encompass a wide range of materials composed of different substances, with different densities, chemical compositions, shapes and sizes. There is no scientifically-agreed definition of microplastics, although they are frequently defined as plastic particles <5 mm in length. However, this is a rather arbitrary definition and is of limited value in the context of drinking water since those particles at the upper end of the size range are unlikely to be found in treated drinking water. A subset of microplastics <1 μm in length is often referred to as nanoplastics.” Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that originate from the breakdown of larger plastic items, debris, and plastic microbeads. Plastics are typically non-biodegradable; instead of decomposing, they fragment into increasingly smaller pieces over time. These microplastics, typically less than 5 millimeters in length, are often invisible to the naked eye, allowing them to remain undetected in water sources. Microplastics pose health risks because they tend to accumulate in the human body and are not easily excreted. Health Risks of Microplastics in Drinking Water In potable water, water resources, and even fresh water, a wide variety of particle shapes, fragments, and fibers have been found, with polymer particles like polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene as the major contamination of microplastics in drinking water. The

Why MTBE Matters More Than You Think MTBE is one of those chemicals most people have never heard of, but has been sneaking into drinking water supplies for decades. While homeowners are worrying about chlorine taste or those pesky hard water stains on their faucets, MTBE goes undetected - no smell, no taste, no warning signs. This stealthy nature is what makes MTBE so bad.  Communities across the country have found contamination years after people were drinking affected water, often only discovering the problem when strange clusters of health issues started popping up in the neighborhood. The compound persists in groundwater, so contamination from decades past continues to affect water supplies today.  Here’s the irony: what was meant to be a solution to air pollution has become a water quality problem that’s proving harder to fix. MTBE was designed to help gasoline burn cleaner and reduce the smog that blanketed our cities. Instead, it just moved the environmental problem from the air we breathe to the water we drink. Understanding MTBE: The Basics Chemical Properties and Purpose Despite the name, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, MTBE’s original purpose was simple: to promote more complete combustion of gasoline.. Refineries started adding MTBE to fuel in the 1970s and then added a lot more in the 1990s when stricter environmental regulations required cleaner-burning gasoline. The chemical functions by adding oxygen to fuel, which creates more thorough combustion and reduces those harmful emissions that create smog. Cities grappling with serious air quality problems genuinely saw improvements after MTBE-enhanced gasoline became the norm. However, MTBE has one critical weakness: it is highly soluble in water. While most petroleum products naturally separate from water, either floating on the surface or sticking to soil particles, MTBE dissolves completely. This allows it to travel through groundwater systems faster than virtually any other fuel component. Why This Matters for Drinking Water This water-attracting characteristic seemed pretty insignificant when MTBE use first ramped up. Underground fuel tanks were considered secure, and small spills appeared manageable. Reality had different plans. Even microscopic leaks from underground storage tanks can contaminate enormous areas of groundwater. A single failing tank might end up affecting water supplies several miles away, with contamination hanging around for decades after the original leak gets fixed. The scale is genuinely staggering. Conservative estimates suggest MTBE contamination has...

What Are Nitrates? Nitrates are inorganic chemical compounds containing the nitrate ion (NO3). You will find plenty of nitrates in soil, water, and plants. They are produced in the soil by bacteria converting nitrogen from the air into a form that can be used by plants. They are necessary for plant growth and are found in all fruits, vegetables, and grains. You get nitrates from vegetables, meat, and drinking water.  How Much Nitrate is Safe For Human Consumption?  EPA has shared that drinking water should not contain more than 10 mg/L or 10 parts per million (ppm) of nitrate. Water with less than 10 mg/L of nitrate is regarded as “safe to drink”. Drinking water with higher levels of nitrates could cause serious health complications in kids and adults alike.  Health Risks Associated with Nitrates Although nitrates are an essential element for human health, they can be harmful at high levels. Nitrates get converted into nitrites in the body, and nitrites can react with certain compounds to produce nitrosamines. These nitrosamines are carcinogenic  (cancer-inducing) in nature.   People who consume large amounts of processed meats like bacon, sausage, and ham are more susceptible to nitrate-induced cancer. Processed meats have high levels of nitrates, which are added to increase the meat’s shelf life and yield a pink color. Unfiltered water (typically well water from untreated and unregulated wells) can also have unnecessary nitrates, which can be detrimental to human health.      Excessive nitrates can also lead to methemoglobinemia, also known as blue baby syndrome. With this condition, the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity is compromised. Infants less than six months old are an especially vulnerable population. Infants fed formula prepared with water high in nitrate are the most highly exposed population. They receive the highest dose of nitrate compared to all other age groups based on body weight. Additionally, infants have different body chemistry than adults. They convert more nitrate to nitrite, which leads to the creation of methemoglobin, and their bodies are less able to metabolize methemoglobin back into hemoglobin. This causes methemoglobin to build up in the body of an infant faster than it builds up in the body of an adult. Nitrates are also known to increase blood pressure in some people. They can also cause asthma, headaches, and birth defects. How Do Nitrates Enter the Water Supply? Agricultural run-off, industrial waste, fertilizers and herbicides, leaking septic tanks, and burst sewage systems are the main sources of nitrates in well water. Naturally occurring bacteria metabolize nitrogen present in the soil into nitrate...

GenX, Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFAs)
Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs)
The EPA lists carbon filtration and reverse osmosis - technologies found in Home Master Reverse Osmosis systems - as approved filtration methods for removing GenX, PFOS, PFOA, PFAs and PFCs. “The under-sink reverse osmosis filter is the most efficient system for removing both the PFAS contaminants ... and the PFEAs, including GenX,” said Detlef Knappe, the professor of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering at North Carolina State University

Additionally, Home Master RO systems utilize a more advanced catalytic carbon media to provide superior filtration as opposed to standard granular activated carbon. Learn More: https://www.wqpmag.com/pfas/new-report-explores-effectiveness-water-filters-remove-pfas 
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-06/documents/drinkingwaterhealthadvisories_pfoa_pfos_updated_5.31.16.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-pfas
  1,4 Dioxane While more research needs to be done on 1,4 dioxane removal, early authoratitive studies have shown a 50% - 97% removal rate when reverse osmosis and granular activated carbon filtration technologies are combined, and under various water conditions. Home Master Reverse Osmosis Systems have not been tested for 1,4 Dioxane removal, but contain similar filtration technologies as those tested, and may be the the best option for home water purification.   Learn More: Academic and Goverment Research Papers Page 2608, table 2, 96% removal https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44583392_Reverse_osmosis_followed_by_activated_carbon_filtration_for_efficient_removal_of_organic_micropollutants_from_river_bank_filtrate   Page 14 – 96% removal   RO removal 57% to 99% using surrogate indicator https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018...

pH is the abbreviation for the term "Hydrogen Potential", and is used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity (base) of a substance or compound as ranked on a scale from 1.0 to 14.0. Alkalinity increases as the pH value increases and acidity increases as the pH value decreases. See the graphic below for the pH of some common fluids. The pH scale measures the logarithmic concentration of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions, which make up water (H+) + (OH-) = (H2O). When both types of ions are in equal concentration, the pH is 7.0 or neutral. Below 7.0, the water is acidic (there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions). When the pH is above 7.0, the water is alkaline (there are more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions). Since the scale is logarithmic, a change in the pH by 1.0 unit is equivalent to a 10-fold increase in acidity. So, a water sample with a pH of 6.0 is 10 times as acidic as one with a pH of 7.0, and pH 4.0 is 100 times as acidic as pH 6.0. For comparison of liquids found in everyday life: beer with a pH 4.5 is 100 times more acidic than natural spring water with a pH 7.5. Role of pH in Digestion and Illness Stomach acid and digestion takes place at a very low pH. Most foods are acidic and human physiology is geared towards handling a mostly acidic diet. The enzymes that process digestion are activated by low pH. Alkaline adjustments to the body would only be recommended in the case of an overly acidic stomach as adivsed by a physician. Furthermore people who consistently ingest antacid tablets beyond what is needed will experience a decrease in their stomach acid's function in killing food born pathogens. This is because the strong alkalinity of these medicines neutralizes the highly acidic and sometimes bothersome stomach acid, which kills food borne bacteria. Normal stomach acid plays an important function in defending the human body against illness. High pH or Alkaline Water Water has very limited ability to buffer against changes in pH. Increases in pH to 9-12 range require very little added base. For example our Home Master Artesian Full Contact is able to effect a full 1-2 point change in pH with only 30-60 mg/L of added calcium and magnesium. Although there are those who feel that drinking alkaline water is healthy, there are no proven medical benefits, beyond those associated with hydration / drinking water in general. While alkaline water can neutralize no more than 1 mEq of acid (HCl) - Antacids, which are given to neutralize gastric acid, are capable of neutralizing at least 10 mEq of acid, and contain far more calcium. Document ...

Radium: The radioactive Radium is a kind of radioactive metal naturally found in the ground. It can be found in the soil, plant tissue, animal tissue, and bedrock. It is made when other elements, like uranium and thorium, break down or decay. This decay process happens in stages, where different kinds of radiation, like alpha, beta, and gamma, are released. When radium breaks down, it releases alpha particles and turns into another substance called Radon-222 (Rn-222). More specifically - Radium itself doesn't decay into Radon-222 (Rn-222). It's more precise to say a specific isotope of radium, like Ra-226, decays via alpha emission into Rn-222. The most common radium isotope, Ra-226, which is part of the uranium-238 decay series. Radon-222 is a gas and can escape from the ground and into the air, where it poses a bigger health risk than radium itself. Similarly, when thorium breaks down, it eventually turns into Radium-228, which then changes into a different substance called Actinium-228 (Ac-228) by releasing beta particles. This whole process is part of what we call radioactive decay, where these elements change over time into other substances until they become stable. Exposure to radioactive substances is harmful for an extended period. A potential issue with groundwater occurs when radium in water contaminates it and increases the radioactive exposure.   Radium in water Surface water typically contains low levels of radium, but the presence of radium in groundwater largely depends on the local geology, sometimes resulting in high concentrations of radium in water. Drinking water drawn from deep bedrock aquifers may contain higher values of Ra-226 and Ra-228, beyond the safe value of radionuclides in drinking water. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Radionuclides Rule, safe drinking water should have these four federal standards: 5 pCi/L of combined radium 226/228 or less 15 picocuries of alpha particles per liter of water (pCi/L) or less 20 pCi/L of uranium or less 4 millirem or mrem of beta/photon emitters per year (mrem/yr) or less Both private and public wells have been found to contain radium; however, it is difficult to see radium in water and other undetectable characteristics — tasteless and odorless. Without prior testing, it's advisable not to assume your water supply and source are free from radium contamination. Regular testing for radium in public water supplies is standard practice and should be performed periodically. Except in some medical treatments, there is no other widely recognized...

Brief Overview of Radon in Drinking Water Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, poses a potential health risk that extends beyond the confines of indoor air. This radioactive gas can break into drinking water sources, especially those drawn from underground wells, bringing an additional source for exposure to this odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas. In the open outdoor spaces, radon quickly dilutes to harmlessconcentrations s. An average outdoor radon level (1) varies from 5 Bq/m3 to 15 Bq/m3, which is generally not a concern. Furthermore, indoors with minimal ventilation, radon levels could reach from 10 Bq/m3 to more than 10000 Bq/m3 in places like mines, caves, basements, and water treatment facilities, which is alarming. Radon gas escapes from water during routine household activities like showering and cooking, permeating the indoor air. However, while radon in water is a concern, the primary threat lies beneath our homes in the soil. It is crucial to identify this potential risk and take safety measures to mitigate radon exposure, especially for those relying on well-water sources; they should get a radon water filtration system to avoid such risks. Fortunately, surface water from lakes and rivers is generally free from radon concerns, as the gas is released into the air before reaching the tap.   Health Risks Associated with Radon Exposure Radon in water presents a potential risk, with drinking water containing radon associated with internal organ cancers. People who consume radon-contaminated water may get exposed to a higher risk of cancer, notably lung cancer, over their lifetime. As a leading cause of lung cancer, radon is estimated to contribute to 3% to 14% of all lung cancers, which is higher than smoking. Initially found in uranium miners, high radon exposure led to a higher rate of lung cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), some studies in Europe, North America, and China reveal that even low radon concentrations, common in homes, pose global health risks, contributing to lung cancer due to water contamination. So, a whole house radon water filter can help to minimize this contamination and health risk. The risk of lung cancer surges by 16% with each 100 Bq/m3 increase in average radon concentration, assumed to follow a linear dose-response relation; the more concentration increases, the risk increases proportionally. Radon poses a significantly higher lung cancer risk for smokers, estimated at 25 times greater than for non-smokers. While inhaled radon may affect other organs, cancer risks beyond the lungs are yet to be determined for other organs. Identifying Radon Contamination in Water In lots of places, people get their drinking water from underground sources like springs, boreholes, ...

Sediment in Water Sediment is defined as the loose clay, sand, silt, and other soil particles that usually settle at the bottom of a body of water. It commonly comes from soil erosion or from plant, animal, and microorganism decomposition. In this process, wind, water, and snow help carry these tiny particles to water bodies like lakes, rivers, streams, and the ocean affecting the geomorphology of the aquatic ecosystems. Water contaminated due to sediment turns cloudy and degrades the water quality for drinking from these water bodies. This sediment reaches the drinking water sources through fluvial processes, groundwater intrusion, and runoff onward to aquifers, municipal water supplies, and private wells, and eventually into your plumbing, pipes, appliances, and water supply. It is essential to use the right kind of water filtration system to remove such contaminants from the water. Types of Sediment Filters Drinking water filtration is essential to ensure safe and clean drinking water. Sediment filters play an essential role in the water filtration process, often as the first stage. These filters were invented and are designed to remove suspended particles, cloudiness, discoloration, and turbidity, from sources such as rust, sand, fine silt, powder, and organic particulates from the water source and plumbing supply line. There are several types of sediment filters, each with specific characteristics and applications. Among the most common are depth or spun filters, pleated filters, and to a lesser extent string wound filters. Understanding available filter types helps in designing an effective water treatment system and thus maintaining both public health and household appliances. - Depth or Spun Filters Spun filters are also known as melt-blown filters made with polypropylene polymer fibers available in different micron sizes. They can be single gradients with the same micron filtration throughout or multi-gradients where the fibers become increasingly dense from the outside in - closer to the core. These filters are cost-effective, efficient at capturing large particles, and support higher flow rates. As the water flows through the depth filter from the outside larger particles are captured first at the surface layers allowing finer particles to pass deeper where they are caught as the filter gets denser. - Surface or Pleated Filters Surface or Pleated filters are made with polyester or cellulose, known as pleated media, that allows a larger filtration surface area for increased particle retention. ...

Understanding Sodium in Drinking Water Drinking water should be free from impurities and contaminants to prevent any adverse effects on health and for improved aesthetics. Drinking water directly impacts human lives, skin, gut health, heart health, circulation, kidney function, neurological function, and more; in a nutshell, pure drinking water is an integral and essential part of human lives. In order to find contamination-free, pure drinking water at home, the use of a reverse osmosis filter is one of the best methods to remove all or virtually all of the impurities and harmful chemicals, and minerals when used as directed. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “The sodium ion is ubiquitous in water. Most water supplies contain less than 20 mg of sodium per litre, but in some countries, levels can exceed 250 mg/litre. Saline intrusion, mineral deposits, seawater spray, sewage effluents, and salt used in road de-icing can all contribute significant quantities of sodium to water. In addition, water-treatment chemicals, such as sodium fluoride, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hypochlorite, can together result in sodium levels as high as 30 mg/litre. Domestic water softeners can give levels of over 300 mg/litre, but much lower ones are usually found.” There is no standard amount of sodium in drinking water, yet the World Health Organization (WHO) and the New York State Department of Health suggest the sodium levels in water should not go beyond 20 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for individuals living on very low sodium diets. Also, as per the US Department of Health and Human Services, “most people get about 3,400 milligrams per day from the food they eat.” Most of these suggestions commonly agree on the naturally omnipresent Sodium in water and its moderate consumption for regular drinking water; however, health concerns related to sodium in drinking water are present for individuals on sodium-restricted diets or those with health concerns such as high blood pressure, heart health issues, and kidney or liver diseases. Health Effects of Sodium in Drinking Water Sodium is essential for the human body, but a small amount of daily intake is required...

As concerns about water quality continue to rise, understanding the regulatory guidelines for uranium levels in drinking water is crucial. Uranium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, can find its way into groundwater and pose significant health risks if not properly managed.  Perfect Water Water Technologies specializes in innovative water purification products, including RO water filters, and are committed to providing solutions to ensure safe drinking water. In this article, we will explore the complexities of uranium contamination, its health risks, regulatory standards, and effective treatment methods to safeguard your water supply. Understanding Uranium Contamination Uranium contamination in drinking water is a significant environmental and public health issue in various parts of the United States. This naturally occurring radioactive element is found in geological formations across the country, particularly in regions with high concentrations of granite and certain sedimentary rocks. States such as Colorado, New Mexico, and parts of the Midwest are known for having elevated levels of uranium in their groundwater. In these areas, natural erosion and weathering processes can release uranium from rocks and soils into the water supply, making it a persistent problem for local communities. In addition to natural sources, human activities such as mining, milling, and the processing of uranium ores can significantly contribute to groundwater contamination. For instance, in the southwestern United States, extensive uranium mining activities during the 20th century have left a legacy of contamination in many areas, as per NLM. Abandoned mines and improperly disposed of mining waste can leach uranium into surrounding soil and water, posing ongoing risks to nearby populations. In some cases, residents living near these sites have reported uranium levels in their drinking water that far exceed the EPA's safety standards. Health Risks of Uranium in Drinking Water Consuming water contaminated with uranium is harmful due to both its chemical toxicity and its radioactive properties. Uranium primarily affects the kidneys, where it can accumulate and cause direct toxic damage to renal cells. It interacts with cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction and damage. Prolonged exposure to even low...

The quality of your drinking water directly impacts your health and well-being. While visible contaminants like sediment or discoloration might immediately alert you to a problem, invisible threats such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) often go unnoticed. VOCs are a group of chemicals that can enter water sources from various human and natural activities, posing serious health risks. Let’s explore what VOCs are, how they affect drinking water, and the best filtration systems for their removal. Understanding VOCs Contamination Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds that easily evaporate or aerate at room temperature. Commonly used in industrial processes, agriculture, and even household products, these chemicals can inadvertently find their way into our drinking water. VOCs include substances like benzene, toluene, and trichloroethylene, which are often used in cleaning agents, solvents, and pesticides. The presence of VOCs in water often goes undetected without specialized testing because they don’t change the water's taste, smell, or appearance. Despite their elusive nature, they can accumulate in water supplies due to improper waste disposal, industrial runoff, or even agricultural practices. Their persistence in water systems underscores the importance of robust filtration measures to ensure clean, safe water. How Can VOCs Contaminate Water? The contamination of water with VOCs is primarily linked to human activities, although natural sources can contribute as well. Industrial facilities may release untreated wastewater, leading to the accumulation of VOCs in nearby rivers, lakes, or groundwater. Similarly, agricultural runoff, rich in pesticide and herbicide residues, can seep into aquifers and wells, adding to the problem. Leaking underground storage tanks and landfill seepage are other common culprits. For example, gasoline or solvent storage tanks that deteriorate over time can introduce VOCs like benzene into the water supply. Even improper household disposal of cleaning agents or paints can play a role in contaminating local water sources. These contamination pathways highlight the need for regular testing and effective filtration. Natural sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Natural Petroleum and Gas Seeps
VOCs such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) can leach into groundwater from underground petroleum reservoirs, oil seeps, or natural gas deposits. Microbial Decomposition of Organic Matter
Natural biological processes in soil and subsurface environments can produce VOCs like methane, ethylene, and acetone as byproducts of anaerobic microbial activity. Volcanic and Geothermal Activity
Chlorinated hydrocarbons and other VOCs...